Field Site
Oak Ridge NEON / ORNL
Core Terrestrial, TN, D07: Appalachians & Cumberland Plateau
About Field Sites
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a terrestrial NEON field site located in the Cumberland Plateau within Anderson and Roane Counties, TN. The 57.4 km2 (14,000 acre) field site is managed by a combination of the Department of Energy (DOE) and Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA). The DOE's Oak Ridge National Laboratory is famous for its involvement in creating atomic bombs associated with the Manhattan Project. The surrounding region includes the world’s longest expanse of hardwood-forested plateau and is home to some of North America’s greatest diversity of fish, mollusk, and wildflower species. ORNL is part of NEON Domain 07 - Appalachians & Cumberland Plateau, which includes eastern Tennessee, most of Kentucky, southern Ohio, and parts of North Carolina, Georgia, Indiana, and Illinois. D07 includes four other NEON field sites, including two additional terrestrial sites and two aquatic sites. ORNL is colocated with the WALK aquatic field site. [1] [2] [3]
Climate
The climate at ORNL is characterized by moderately large variations in temperature and abundant precipitation. In particular, ORNL has hot and humid summers and cool, mild winters. The mean annual average temperature is 14.4°C (58°F) and mean average precipitation is 1340 mm (53 in.). The site is occasionally subjected to high wind events, thunderstorms, droughts, flooding, and rare wildfires. Summer afternoon thunderstorms are common, and winters will see occasional snow accumulation which melts shortly afterwards (depending on elevation and sun exposure). [6] [20]
Geology
ORNL is part of the Cambrian-aged Upper Knox Group, consisting of dolostone and limestone. The parent materials are residuum, colluvium, and local alluvium. [4]
Soils
The dominant soil series found at this site is Fullerton cherty silt loam (5-12% slopes), within the subgroup Typic Paleudults. Other relatively common soils found in ORNL are Montevallo, Bodine, Minvale, Sunlight, and Etwoah. Surface and subsurface horizons found in ORNL often display “soil creep” (aka limited movement). [4] [11]
Vegetation
The ridges and valleys of the Cumberland Plateau are famous for their status as the world’s largest hardwood-forested plateau. The canopy in the area is dominated by oaks and hickories and includes a mixture of deciduous species in the valleys with patches of shortleaf pine (Pinus echineta) and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) on the ridges. Mixed hardwoods at the site include chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), white oak (Quercus alba), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia). While 91% of the plots are forested, 9% are unforested (either pasture or grassland). [8] [9]
Fauna
The area surrounding ORNL hosts about 60 species of fish and 60 species of reptiles and amphibians, ~200 species of migratory, transient and resident birds, and 35 species of mammals, as well as many invertebrate species. Among these, 17 were identified as federally- or state-listed (endangered, threatened, or in need of management) in surveys done in the 2000s. Some large mammals found in the area include the following: white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and elk (Cervus canadensis). More recently, coyote (Canis latrans) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) have moved into the area. Other common mammals include raccoon (Procyon lotor), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and a plethora of small mammals. NEON provides data on five types of wildlife: small mammals, birds, mosquitoes (family Culicidae), ground beetles (family Carabidae), and ticks (order Ixodidae). Small mammal species commonly sampled in ORNL include the following: deer mice (Peromyscus spp. – majority Peromyscus leucopus, with some potential for Peromyscus maniculatus), eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), and the occasional northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda). [9] [10] [21]
Past Land Management and Use
The nearby Walker Branch watershed has a long history of research. In 1942, the United States government selected the rural area for the development of nuclear weapons and materials for the Manhattan Project. Originally called the Clinton Engineering Works, the Oak Ridge Reservation includes three facilities: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Y-12 National Security Plant, and the Gaseous Diffusion Plant, now known as the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP). In 1943, the reservation housed the world's first operational nuclear reactor, used for the production of plutonium during World War II. After World War II, the U.S. government dissolved the Manhattan Project and established the Atomic Energy Commission to produce and control nuclear energy for military and civilian applications during peace time. In the 1960s, research at the reservation focused on environmental research such as energy efficiency, renewable energy technologies, and nuclear technologies and systems. In 1989, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Environmental Management (DOE-EM) and National Nuclear Security Administration began to oversee nuclear clean-up activates at the site. Today, ORNL continues to take part in cutting-edge scientific research, Y-12 National Security Complex continues to be used for nuclear weapons processing and materials storage, and the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) is considered a sensitive area with national security concerns. [9] [12] [13]
Current Land Management and Use
NEON’s ORNL site is situated on the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR). THE ORR is owned by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), but is often managed jointly by DOE and TWRA depending on the area. Some of NEON's plots are in restricted access areas that require security clearance, and some plots are open to the public for recreational opportunities, such as hiking and deer and turkey hunting. While the land is dominated by forest, a few areas are cleared by burning for idle pasture, hay, or other agriculture or general uses. ORR is one of the six international biosphere reserve units of the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve. Remnants of pre-Manhattan Project settlements are present within ORR. Due to leftover hazardous waste from the Manhattan Project, the DOE contracts companies to perform environmental remediation projects at ORNL. The Division of Remediation’s Oak Ridge Office oversees all DOE environmental protection/restoration activities on the ORR. Because the ORR is on the EPA National Priority List of Superfund Sites, a tri-party agreement between the state DOE and EPA was formed under a temporary “Memorandum of Agreement” to manage this land towards eventual environmental remediation. The ORNL Natural Resources Management Program also conducts natural resources management tasks. Other environmental studies may also be taking place within ORNL, because it's considered to be an “outdoor laboratory” for research and education, but no non-NEON research is allowed within NEON-established plots. [4] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
NEON Site Establishment
Initial site establishment at ORNL began in 2014. Plots were allocated across the site using NEON standard criteria and avoiding existing research. Plots located within the National Laboratory were not allocated to areas that required additional security clearance. The 2006 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) was selected for stratification purposes. TOS Tower Plots were allocated according to a spatially balanced design in and around the NEON tower airshed. Initial operations capability/capacity review took place in November 2014 for terrestrial sampling and in March 2015 for instrumentation sampling. Transition to operations happened in the summer of 2015 for both terrestrial observation and instrumentation sampling.
Additional Resources
[1] https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/tenne…
[2] Terrestrial Instrument System (TIS, FIU) Site Characterization Supporting Data: Domain 07. NEON.DOC.011037vD
[3] https://www.ornl.gov/news/top-secret-laboratory
[4] Mason, Jennifer.(2017). NEON Site-Level Plot Summary, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), June 2017. https://data.neonscience.org/documents/10179/2361410/ORNL_Soil_SiteSumm…
[5] https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/oak-ridge/tennessee/united-states…
[6] PRISM Climate Group., Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu, created 4 Feb 2004.
[7] https://metweb.ornl.gov/page5.htm
[8] https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/tenne…
[9] Terrestrial Observation System (TOS) Site Characterization Report: Domain 07. NEON.DOC.003891vB.
[10] https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/921773
[11] Terrestrial Instrument System (TIS, FIU) Site Characterization Summary: Domain 07. NEON.DOC.011036vD
[12] https://www.ornl.gov/content/seventy-five-years-great-science
[13] https://www.tn.gov/environment/program-areas/rem-remediation/rem-oak-ri…
[14] https://www.emcbc.doe.gov/seb/orrcc/
[15] https://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/oak-rid…
[16] https://www.ornl.gov/content/sustainable-landscaping-land-use
[17] http://tnlandforms.us/greenways/maps03/nb.html
[18] https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/oak-ridge-national-environmental-resea…
[19] https://oakridgereservationhunts.ornl.gov/
[20] https://statesummaries.ncics.org/chapter/tn/
[21] https://nerp.ornl.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ORR_wildlife_managemen…
Field Site Information
Latitude/Longitude
35.964128, -84.282588
Geodetic Datum
WGS84
Location
Anderson County
TN, US
Elevation
Mean: 344m
Minimum: 230m
Maximum: 356m
Mean Annual Temperature
14.4°C
Dominant Wind Direction
WNW
Mean Canopy Height
28.0m
Dominant NLCD Classes
Deciduous Forest, Evergreen Forest, Pasture/Hay
Colocated Site(s)
Colocated Research
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Walker Branch Watershed National Atmospheric Deposition Program
Critical Zone Exploration Network
Ameriflux
Field Operations Office
154 Fairbanks Road, Fairbanks Plaza
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
Research Access
Non-NEON research activities are allowed in this area. Researchers must obtain their own permits with the site host(s).
Observation Types
Remote Sensing
Remote sensing surveys of this field site collect lidar, spectrometer and high-resolution RGB camera data.
Meteorological Measurements
This site has a flux/meteorological tower that is 39 m (128 ft) tall with six measurement levels. The tower top extends above the vegetation canopy to allow sensors mounted at the top and along the tower to capture the full profile of atmospheric conditions from the top of the vegetation canopy to the ground. The tower collects physical and chemical properties of atmosphere-related processes, such as humidity, wind, and net ecosystem gas exchange. Precipitation data are collected by a tipping bucket at the top of the tower, a Double Fence Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) near the tower, and a series of throughfalls located in the soil array.
Phenocams
One phenocam is attached to the top and the bottom of the tower. Here we show the images from the most recent hour. The full collection of images can be viewed on the Phenocam Gallery - click on either of the images below.
Tower top
Tower bottom
Soil Sensor Measurements
This site has five soil plots placed in an array within the airshed of the flux tower. Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) at soil surface, soil heat flux, solar radiation, and throughfall are measured at the soil surface in each soil plot. Soil moisture, soil temperature, and CO2 concentration are measured at multiple depths in each soil plot.
Observational Sampling
At terrestrial sites, field ecologists observe birds and plants, and sample ground beetles, mosquitoes, small mammals, soil microbes, and ticks. Lab analyses are carried out to provide further data on DNA sequences, pathogens, soils, sediments, and biogeochemistry. Learn more about terrestrial observations or explore this site's data products.
Field Site Data
Site
Site Host
Department of Energy
Site Access Allowed
Very Limited
Site URL
Site Access Details
There is currently no system in place to authorize access for additional research activities to this federally secure area. Coordinate directly with site manager.
Operations Office
NEON Field Operations Office
Domain 07 Support Facility
NEON Field Operations Address
154 Fairbanks Road, Fairbanks Plaza
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
NEON Field Operations Phone
865.272.0055
Location
Latitude
35.964128
Longitude
-84.282588
Geodetic Datum
WGS84
UTM Northing
3983383.09m
UTM Easting
745052.44m
UTM Zone
16N
County
Anderson
State
TN
Country
US
Mean Elevation
344m
Minimum Elevation
230m
Maximum Elevation
356m
Climate
Mean Annual Temperature
14.4°C
Mean Annual Precipitation
1340mm
Dominant Wind Direction
WNW
Vegetation
Mean Canopy Height
28.0m
Dominant NLCD Classes
Deciduous Forest, Evergreen Forest, Pasture/Hay
Average number of green days
225
Average first greenness increase date
90 DOY
Average peak green date
140 DOY
Average first greenness decrease date
210 DOY
Average minimum greenness date
315 DOY
Tower
Tower Height
39m
Number of Tower Levels
6
Soils
Megapit Soil Family
Fine - kaolinitic - thermic Typic Paleudults
Soil Subgroup
Typic Paleudults
No Video
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